Therapeutic Potential of Kaempferitrin in Diabetes Mellitus-Juniper Publishers

 JUNIPER PUBLISHERS-OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL OF DRUG DESIGNING & DEVELOPMENT


Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is one of the leading causes of death in the world being one of the main targets of research. Plants have historically been an important source for molecules with therapeutic potential in different diseases. Kaempfertrin is a flavonoid that can be extracted from a wide variety of plants. Kaempferitrin has shown a therapeutic activity on diabetes mellitus in vitro and on in vivo models. This aim of this short review was to collect the actual research reports of the therapeutic potential of kaempferitrin on diabetes mellitus.

Keywords: Diabetes mellitus; Kaempferitrin; Hyperglycemia; Plants

Introduction

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of physiological dysfunctions characterized by hyperglycemia resulting directly from insulin resistance, inadequate insulin secretion, or excessive glucagon secretion. There are two types of diabetes; type 1 is an autoimmune disorder leading to the destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Type 2 diabetes, which is more common, is primarily a problem of progressively impaired glucose regulation due to a combination of dysfunctional pancreatic beta cells and insulin resistance [1]. DM is a disease that could directly affect the life quality of patients. Chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes is associated with long-tem damage, dysfunction, and failure of different organs, especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels [2]. Nowadays, the research on the discovery of a molecule capable to regulate glycaemia is pointing to natural products. Kaempferitrin (KM) is a plant metabolite belonging to a group of compounds known as flavonoids. Structurally, KM is formed by kaempferol molecule bounded to two sugars molecules. KM has been widely studied for its effect on diabetes; the aim of this short review is to gather information of KM on diabetes research.

In vitro and animal evidence

In a recent study, the effect showed by KM on the glycolytic enzyme 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase (PFK) in skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissue of mice was evaluated. These experiments showed that KM enhances the lytic action of PFK in liver tissue, suggesting that the molecule is capable to promote glucose utilization by the tissue. In the same report, it was observed that KM in a concentration of 4mg/kg reduced the blood glucose to 61% in diabetic mice after 120 minutes, concluding that the KM is a molecule capable of reducing hyperglycemia on mice via stimulation of PFK, this capacity is closely related to the sugars linked in the chemical structure of KM [3].

In alloxan induced diabetic rats model, KM showed hypoglycemic effect at doses of 50, 100 and 200mg/kg one hour after treatment. In addition, to non-diabetic rats did not reduce blood glucose levels. Besides in this study also was evaluated the antioxidant properties of KM, obtaining high reactivity with the compound used to assess this capacity 1,1-diphenil-2-picryl hydrazil model (DPPH) with an IC50 of 84.0±7.8mm. Those, KM exhibited inhibition of myeloperoxidase and decrease in lipid per oxidation [4].

Insulomimetic effect

Insulin is a hormone that plays an important role regulating the blood sugar levels. Kaempferitrin has shown stimulatory effect on glucose uptake in muscle tissue as well as the ability to lower blood glucose levels in diabetic rats, indicating that kaempferitrin has an insulin-like action [5]. This property of kaempferitrin could be useful on patient with insulin production problems (Figure 1).

The obesity is linked to diabetes. One of the reasons of this relation between obesity and diabetes is the low secretion of adiponectin in obesity. The plasma levels of adiponectin are inversely correlated with the degree of insulin resistance. Kaempferitrin was able to activate the insulin pathway and stimulate secretion of adiponectin in 3T3-L1 cells, up-regulating level of Phosphorylation on insulin receptor beta and insulin receptor substrate 1, and ser473 site in Protein kinase B (PKB/akt). Kaempferitrin was capable to translocate GLUT4 to membrane and increases level of GLUT4 protein. Kaempferitrin also stimulated more sustained adiponectin secretion than insulin did. This study provided evidence of the dual effects of kaempferitrin. It improved insulin resistance by the activation of the classical insulin transduction pathway, and increased adiponectin secretion [6].

Conclusion

Kaempferitrin is a natural molecule with interesting therapeutic activity on diabetes mellitus, however further research is necessary on toxicity to consider this molecule as a good candidate to treat diabetes mellitus.

For more Open Access Journals in Juniper Publishers please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com

For more articles in Open Access Novel Approaches in Drug Designing & Development please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/napdd/index.php

For more Open Access Journals please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com

To know more about Juniper Publishers please click on: https://juniperpublishers.business.site/

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Bioconjugation among Metallopharmaceuticals: A Review-Juniper Publishers

Image
  JUNIPER PUBLISHERS - OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL OF DRUG DESIGNING & DEVELOPMENT Abstract This review pertains to an effort to notify the importance of metal binding of naturally occurring molecules. Metallopharmaceutical science is a huge discipline of multifarious applications. In due course of design of metallic drugs one has to rely upon biological relevance of the compound. Sometimes the target activity is lost into toxicity. Hence, the association of a biomolecule or modified bio-compound coordinated with metallic system is the essence of bioconjugation and is the need of hour. Bio-conjugated metallic complexes are always praised for better action. Some diseases have been exemplified in this review and a comprehensive way of presentation has been established throughout the text. Keywords: Bioconjugation; AD; Diabetes; Cancer; Antioxidant Introduction Bioconjugation is a met...
Read more

Bioactive Compound Produced from Actinomycetes- Streptomyces-Juniper Publishers

Image
  JUNIPER PUBLISHERS - OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL OF DRUG DESIGNING & DEVELOPMENT Abstract The beginning of antibiotic-resistance among the bacteria is really unavoidable. Over the last 60 years, bacteria and, in particular, those pathogenic for humans have evolved toward anti-microbial drug resistance. For the treatment of infectious diseases antibiotics like penicillin and erythromycin are used but now these antibiotics become less effective because bacteria have become more resistant to such antibiotics. The development of new antimicrobial agents is an urgent medical need. Natural products are important sources of lead antimicrobial agents. Actinomycetes are soil dwelling and Gram positive bacteria and industrially wide range of bioactive secondary metabolites producers, including many antibiotics. More than75% of antibiotics are sourced from the genus Streptomyces. This review article focuses on microbial secondary metabolites from Streptomyces as new drugs to f...
Read more

Islet Cell Transplantation for Treating Type 1 Diabetes: The Bright Future of Drug Designing and Development-Juniper Publishers

Image
  JUNIPER PUBLISHERS - OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL OF DRUG DESIGNING & DEVELOPMENT Short Communication The revolutionary process of islet transplantation for treating type 1 diabetes has been limited by the high level of graft failure. The process of islet isolation alone has been shown to negatively impact islet survival and function in vivo. In addition, insults mediated by the instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction, hypoxia, ischemia and immune response significantly impact the islet allograft post transplantation [ 1 , 2 ]. Moreover, the immune response to alloantigens and recurrence of autoimmunity contribute to pancreatic islet transplant dysfunction [ 3 ]. Several approaches are being developed and tried to overcome this serious problem and novel drug designing is heavily involved with promising results and bright rewards. Some of these approaches are being discussed briefly in this commentary. Regenerating islet-derived protein 3 alpha; a pancreatic se...
Read more